Data Mapping and Conversion Tools -- Sigh

Business Rules

The ETL tools must have rules. Either simple field alignment or more complex transformations. The rules can either be interpreted ("engine-based" ETL) or used to build a stand-alone program ("code-generating" ETL).

The engine-based ETL, when written in Java, is creepy. We have a JVM running a Java app. The Java app is an interpreter for a bunch of ETL rules. Two levels of interpreter. Why?

Code-generating ETL, OTOH, is a huge pain in the neck because you have to produce reasonably portable code. In Java, that's hard. Your rules are used to build Java code; the resulting Java code can be compiled and run. And it's often very efficient. [Commercial products often produce portable C (or COBOL) so that they can be very efficient. That's really hard to do well.]

Code-generating, BTW, has an additional complication. Bad Behavior. Folks often tweak the resulting code. Either because the tool wasn't able to generate all the proper nuances, or because the tool-generated code was inefficient in a way that's so grotesque that it couldn't be fixed by an optimizing compiler. It happens that we can have rules that run afoul of the boilerplate loops.

Old-School Architecture

First, we need to focus on the "TL" part of ETL. Our applications receive files from our customers. We don't do the extract -- they do. This means that each file we receive has a unique and distinctive "feature". We have a clear SoW and examples. That doesn't help. Each file is an experiment in novel data formatting and Semantic Heterogeneity.

A common old-school design pattern for this could be called "The ETL Two-Step". This design breaks the processing into "T" and "L" operations. There are lots of unique, simple, "T" options, one per distinctive file format. The output from "T" is a standardized file. A simple, standardized "L" loads the database from the standardized file.

Indeed, if you follow the ETL Two Step carefully, you don't need to actually write the "L" pass at all. You prepare files which your RDBMS utilities can simply load. So the ETL boils down to "simple" transformation from input file to output file.

Folks working on YAETLT have to focus on just the "T" step. Indeed, they should be writing Yet Another Transformation Tool (YATT) instead of YAETLT.

Enter the Python

If all we're doing is moving data around, what's involved?

import csv
result = {
  'column1': None,
  'colmnn2': None,
  # etc.
}
with open("source","rb") as source:
  rdr= csv.DictReader( source )
  with open( "target","wb") as target:
      wtr= csv.DictWriter( target, result.keys() )
      for row in rdr:
          result['column1']= row['some_column']
          result['column2']= some_func( row['some_column'] )
          # etc.
          wtr.writerow( result )

That's really about it. There appear to be 6 or 7 lines of overhead. The rest is working code.

But let's not be too dismissive of the overhead. An ETL depends on the file format, summarized in the import statement. With a little care we can produce libraries similar to Python's csv that work with XLS directly, as well as XLSX and other formats. Dealing with COBOL-style fixed layout files can also be boiled down to an importable module. The import isn't overhead; it's a central part of the rules.

The file open functions could be seen as overhead. Do we really need a full line of code when we could -- more easily -- read from stdin and write to stdout? If we're willing to endure the inefficiency of processing one input file multiple times to create several standardized outputs, then we could eliminate the two with statements. If, however, we have to merge several input files to create a standardized output file, the one-in-one-out model breaks down and we need the with statements and the open functions.

The for statement could be seen as needless overhead. It goes without saying that we're processing the entire input file. Unless, of course, we're merging several files. Then, perhaps, it's not a simple loop that can be somehow implied.

It's Just Code

The point of Python-based ETL is that the problem "solved" by YATT isn't that interesting. Python is an excellent transformation engine ETL. Rather than write a fancy rule interpreter, just write Python. Done.

We don't need a higher-level data transformation engine written in Java. Emit simple Python code and use the Python engine. (We could try to emit Java code, but it's not as simple and requires a rather complex supporting library. Python's Duck Typing simplifies the supporting library.)

If we don't write a new transformation engine, but use Python, that leaves a tiny space left over for the YATT: producing the ETL rules in Python notation. Rather than waste time writing another engine, the YATT developers could create a GUI that drags and drops column names to write the assignment statements in the body of the loop.

That's right, the easiest part of the Python loop is what we can automate. Indeed, that's about all we can automate. Everything else requires complex coding that can't be built as "drag-and-drop" functionality.

Transformations

There are several standard transformations.

• Column order or name changes. Trivial assignment statements handle this.
• Mapping functions. Some simple (no hysteresis, idempotent) function is applied to one or more columns to produce one or more columns. This can be as simple as a data type conversion, or a complex calculation.
• Filter. Some simple function is used to include or exclude rows.
• Reduction. Some summary (sum, count, min, max, etc.) is applied to a collection of input rows to create output rows. This is an ideal spot for Python generator functions. But there's rarely a simple drag-n-drop for these kinds of transformations.
• Split. One file comes in, two go out. This breaks the stdin-to-stdout assumption.
• Merge. Two go in, one comes out. This breaks the stdin-to-stdout assumption, also. Further, the matching can be of several forms. There's the multi-file merge when several similarly large files are involved. There's the lookup merge when a large file is merged with smaller files. Merging also applies to doing key lookups required to match natural keys to locate database FK's.
• Normalization (or Distinct Processing). This is a more subtle form of filter because the function isn't idempotent; it depends on the state of a database or output file. We include the first of many identical items; we exclude the subsequent copies. This is also an ideal place for Python generator functions.

Of these, only the first three are candidates for drag-and-drop. And for mapping and filtering, we either need to write code or have a huge library of pre-built mapping and filtering functions.

Problems and Solutions

The YATT problem has two parts. Creating the rules and executing the rules.

Writing another engine to execute the rules is a bad idea. Just generate Python code. It's a delightfully simple language for describing data transformation. It already works.

Writing a tool to create rules is a bad idea. Just write the Python code and call it the rule set. Easy to maintain. Easy to test. Clear, complete, precise.

By chance, I was looking at what ETL tools had to ...

AB<noreply@blogger.com>

2010-11-10 06:43:22.749000-05:00

By chance, I was looking at what ETL tools had to offer yesterday. At first glance, it seems PyF is your kind of system. Rules in Python; GUI to plug Python rules together if you need it.